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Potato
Potato
Scientific name:
Solanum tuberosum
Family:
Solanales: Solanaceae
Local names:
Kiazi, Egiasi, Mbatata, Potato, Enkwashei (Kenya) / Batata Reno (Mozambique)
Pests and Diseases:
Aphids  Bacterial soft rot  Bacterial wilt  Broomrape  Cutworms  Dodder  Early blight  Epilachna beetles  Late blight  Millipedes  Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid  Potato tuber moth  Root-knot nematodes  Scab  Storage pests  Viral diseases  Weeds 
General Information and Agronomic Aspects
Geographical Distribution of Potato in Africa
Potato originated in the highlands of South America, where it has been consumed for more than 8000 years. Spanish explorers brought the plant to Europe in the late 16th century as a botanical curiosity. By the 19th century it had spread throughout the continent, providing cheap and abundant food.
Potato arrived in Africa around the turn of the 20th century. British farmers introduced it to East Africa in the 1880s. Potato has grown in importance - both as a staple food and as a source of farmer incomes in medium to high altitudes in Kenya over the past 30 years.
Nearly all of Kenya's potatoes are consumed locally, at an average rate of almost 25 kg per capita a year. Potato is relished by the rural people who grow them and also by higher-income urban dwellers. In Kenya it is considered a high quality and prestigious food item.











Nutritive Value per 100 g of edible Portion
Raw or Cooked Potato Food
Energy
(Calories / %Daily Value*)
Carbohydrates
(g / %DV)
Fat
(g / %DV)
Protein
(g / %DV)
Calcium
(g / %DV)
Phosphorus
(mg / %DV)
Iron
(mg / %DV)
Potassium
(mg / %DV)
Vitamin A
(I.U)
Vitamin C
(I.U)
Vitamin B 6
(I.U)
Vitamin B 12
(I.U)
Thiamine
(mg / %DV)
Riboflavin
(mg / %DV)
Ash
(g / %DV)
Potato baked (flesh and skin) 93.0 / 5% 21.2 / 7% 0.1 / 0% 2.5 / 5% 15.0 / 1% 70.0 / 7% 1.1 / 6% 535.0 / 15% 10.0 IU / 0% 9.6 / 16% 0.3 / 16% 0.0 / 0% 0.1 / 4% 0.0 / 3% 1.3
Potato cooked in skin (with skin) 78.0 / 4% 17.2 / 6% 0.1 / 0% 2.9 / 6% 45.0 / 4% 54.0 / 5% 6.1 / 34% 407 / 12% 0.0 / 0% 5.2 / 9% 0.2 / 12% 0.0 / 0% 0.0 / 2% 0.0 / 2% 2.0
Red Potato baked (flesh and skin) 89.0 / 4% 19.6 / 7% 0.2 / 0% 2.3 / 5% 9.0 / 1% 72.0 / 7% 0.7 / 4% 545 / 16% 10.0 IU / 0% 12.6 / 21% 0.2 / 11% 0.0 / 0% 0.1 / 5% 0.1 / 3% 1.3
*Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower, depending on your calorie needs.


Climatic conditions, soil and water management

Potato requires well-distributed rainfall of 500 to 750 mm in a growing period of 3 to 4.5 months. Most commercial cultivars of potato tuberise (form tubers) best in cool climates with night temperatures below 20°C. Optimum day temperatures are within the range of 20 to 25°C. Short day lengths (12 to 13 hours) lead to early maturity. In the short day length conditions of the tropics and subtropics, maximum yields can usually be obtained in cool highland areas and in cooler seasons. Cultivation is concentrated in highland areas from 1200 to 3000 m above sea level.In regions with a critical dry season, planting early in the rainy season is best. If the rainy season is long and excessive, time of planting is usually towards the end of the rainy season.

Potato is tolerant to a rather wide variety of soils, except heavy, waterlogged clays. Good drainage is of great importance. Impermeable layers in the soil limit rooting depth and the amount of available water, and so greatly reduce yields. Deep soils with good water retention and aeration give best growth and yields. The most suitable soil pH is between 4.8 and 6. At higher pH, tubers are liable to suffer from scab disease.

Propagation
Potato is normally propagated vegetatively by small (40 to 100 g) tubers, called 'seed tubers' or 'seed potatoes'. It can also be propagated by pieces of tuber ('seed pieces') or by true seed. The seed rate (tubers) ranges from 1.5 to 4.0 t/ha. The first problem facing growers in developing countries is obtaining supplies of healthy planting material of a suitable cultivar at an acceptable price. Some countries undertake traditional propagation of the seed tubers on sites in the highlands with suitable cool but frost-free climates and where the population of insect vectors of diseases can be kept at an adequately low level.

Recently, the use of true potato seed for propagation has aroused great interest. True seed does not transmit most of the potato diseases, is very light and is easy to transport. Promising methods to grow potatoes from true seed include raising seedlings in a nursery and transplanting them to the field.

Planting
In regions with a critical dry season, planting early in the rainy season is best. If the rainy season is long and excessive, time of planting is usually towards the end of the rainy season. Potato subjected to heavy rainfall during growth or harvest is prone to diseases.

Tubers planted to produce potatoes for consumption should generally be planted in rows 75-100 cm apart with a spacing of 30 to 40 cm within the row (25 to 44,000 plants per ha). The closer spacing should be used in fertile soils and good rainfall areas to avoid the production of very large tubers. Seed potatoes are planted at a spacing of 15 to 20 cm within the row (about 80,000 plants per ha).

Potatoes are planted at a depth of 5 to 15 cm (measured from the top of the tuber). Planting depth is greater under warm, dry conditions than under cool, wet conditions. Shallow plantings should be avoided, because the lower nodes of the stem must remain covered to encourage tuberisation (tuber initiation) and to avoid greening of tubers and tuber moth damage. Earthing up or hilling is carried out to control weeds and to avoid greening of the tubers. Potatoes are normally planted by hand in developing countries, but mechanical planters are available.

Plough-under or incorporate available organic manures in the soil before planting to enhance the water-holding capacity and texture of the soil as well as to provide enough nutrients for a healthy crop. A high yielding potato crop under conventional farming removes 95 to 140 kg N (nitrogen)/ha, 35 kg P (phosphorus)/ha, 125 to 170 kg K (potassium)/ha and has relatively high needs for Mg (magnesium) and Mn (manganese). Organic farmers will need to identify organic sources for similar amounts of nutrients. Potatoes respond well to large amounts of compost or well-rotted animal manures.
Fertiliser recommendations based on soil analysis offer the very best chance of getting the right amount of fertiliser without over or under fertilising. Ask for assistance from the local agriculturist office for soil sampling and soil analysis procedures.

Sources of seed potatoes
In Kenya certified healthy seed potatoes are available from KARI Research Station, Ol Joro Orok and Tigoni Research Station (CIP).

Varieties in Kenya and their characteristics
Variety Yield Storage Drought resistance Late blight Viruses Maturity Eco-zone
"Kenya Baraka" High Good Some resistance Some resistance Some resistance Medium Medium High
"Roslin Eburu" Medium High Very good Resistant Some resistance Some resistance Medium Medium High
"Feldelslohn" High Fairly good Some resistance Very susceptlible Some resistance Medium late High
"Annet" High Good Some resistance Some resistance Some resistance Early High Medium Low
"Dutch Robjn" High Very good Some resistance Susceptible Some resistance Medium High Medium
"Roslin Tana" High Fair Some tolerance - - Medium High Medium
"Roslin Gucha" Medium Good Tolerant - - Medium High Medium
"Desiree" Medium Fairly good Some tolerance - - Medium High Medium
"Roslin Ruaka" High Good Some tolerance - - Medium High Medium
"Cardinal" Medium Good Some tolerance - - Medium High Medium
"Pimpernel" Medium Good Some tolerance - - Medium High
"Arka" High Good Tolerant - - Medium High Medium
"Kerr's Pink" Medium Good Tolerant - - Medium High Medium

Note:
High eco-zone = 2300 m altitude
Medium = 1500-2300 m altitude
Low = below 1500 m altitude
High yield = 12-15 tons/ha
Medium yield = 8-10 tons/ha
Low yield = 4-6 tons/ha
(Source: Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development and Japan International Development Agency (2000)).


Adoption of potato varieties (CIP Nairobi)
Total area harvested in hectares in 2005: 120,842

Variety Name Estimated area harvested (%) Trend in area* Strengths of variety Weakness of variety Main uses of variety
"Tigoni" 30 Increasing High yielding, resistant to late blight, big tubers Sensitive to bacterial wilt Market
"Nyayo" 25 Declining Early maturing, tasty Sensitive to late blight Market, home use
"Ngure" 8 Increasing High price, early maturing, tasty Sensitive to late blight Market and home use
"Tana Kimande" 7 Increasing Big tubers, good price Low yields, late maturing Market
"Asante" 6 Increasing High yielding, resistant to late blight, big tubers Not good for mashing Market
"Dutch Robijn" 5 Increasing Storage long, crisping Sensitive to late blight Market Crisps
"Kerr's Pink" 3 Declining High price, early maturing, tasty Sensitive to late blight Market, home use
"Desiree" 3 Constant Storage long, tasty Sprout very early Market
"Tigoni Red" 3 Increasing High yielding, resistant to late blight Sprout very early Market
"Komesha" 2 Constant High yield Sensitive to bacterial wilt Market
"Meru Mugaruro" 2 Increasing High yield, big tubers Sensitive to late blight and bacterial wilt Market
"Roslin Tana" 2 Declining Good for chips Low yields, sensitive to late blight Market
Others 4 Increasing - - Home, market
(Source of estimate: CIP, Nairobi)

Potato varieties released in 2010 by KARI/CIP (AIRC, 2011)
Variety name Optimal production altitude (masl) Duration to maturity (months) Tuber yield (t/ha) Special attributes
"Purple Gold" 1800-3000 4.0-4.5 20 - 35
  • Round tubers
  • Dark purple skin colour
  • Shallow eye depth
  • White flesh colour
  • Moderately resistant to late blight
  • Good storability
  • High tuber niformity (80%)
  • Long dormancy
  • Very good crisping qualities
  • Also good for table mashing and roasting
"Kenya Mpya" 1400-3000 3.0-3.5 35-45
  • Oval/round tubers
  • Large tubers
  • Cream white skin colour with pink eyes
  • Shallow eye depth
  • Cream white flesh colour
  • Resistant to late blight
  • Good storability
  • Short dormancy
  • Good for table, chips and mashing
  • Wide adaptability
"Sherekea" 1800-3000 3.5-4.0 40 - 50
  • Oblong/round tubers
  • High number of tubers per plant
  • Red skin colour
  • Medium eye depth
  • Cream flesh colour
  • Highly resistant to late blight & viruses
  • Good storability
  • Intermediate dormancy
  • Good for table, crisp and mashing


Husbandry
Adequate control of weeds is required to ensure high yields. In the tropics, manual weeding is generally practised in small-scale production, but herbicides are sometimes used in large-scale production.

Potato responds well to high soil fertility. Manure or compost is needed if the land has been continuously cropped. Well-decomposed animal manure or compost is recommended.
Ridging soon after emergence helps control weeds, prevents greening of developing tubers and prevents spores of late blight fungus from reaching the tubers.

Intercropping
Wide ridges or mounds are required for intercropping. Potatoes can be intercropped with a wide range of annual crops such as sweet potato, maize or even pyrethrum. Potatoes planted in rotation or intercropped with barley, maize, peas, or wheat prevents soil exhaustion. In this case, intercrops are planted at the bottom or at the edge of the furrows and the potatoes on the ridge.

However in order to get full benefit from a potato crop such as high yields, weed suppression and ease of management, without building up high levels of soil-borne diseases: it is recommended to grow potatoes in a separate field and rotate the crop with others. Interplanting with a short season legume such as beans can increase total crop yield and help prevent spread of diseases.

Crop rotation
Avoid planting potatoes in the same field for several consecutive seasons. Proper crop rotation enhances soil fertility, increases soil organic matter, conserves soil moisture and helps maintain soil structure. In addition, it avoids build-up of soil-borne pathogens affecting potato, and reduces the level of soil infestation once the soil has been contaminated. Rotations should not include crops that are common hosts for diseases and pests of potatoes (e.g. tomato, eggplant, pepper). Rice, maize and legumes are recommended for crop rotation practices. Planting brassicas such as broccoli, cabbage and mustard plants before the potato crop helps reducing incidence of bacterial wilt and nematodes. Control volunteer potatoes and weeds in the rotation crop.


Harvesting
Time of harvesting of potato varies with cultivar, cultural practices, climate and price. Tubers harvested while still immature tend to have low dry matter content and to suffer more skin damage, resulting in easier infection by fungal and bacterial pathogens. However, seed potatoes are often harvested early, to avoid virus infection that may occur during the latter part of the growing season. Late blight attack may also be a reason for early harvesting.
The harvesting operation involves destroying the aboveground parts (haulm), lifting and collecting the tubers. A general practice to avoid excess mechanical damage to tubers at harvesting is to cut the tops 10 to 14 days before lifting the potatoes to give them time to develop matured and hardened skins. The haulm is destroyed either by manual or mechanical cutting.

In small-scale farming in the tropics, lifting is done manually using simple implements such as sticks, hoes and spades. Mechanical harvesting is carried out only in large-scale farming areas using various types of potato diggers, for example, ploughs, spinners or elevator diggers. Semi-automatic diggers lift the tubers from the soil for hand-picking or collection. Harvesting should not be done during or immediately after rain.

Yield
In 1996, the average yield of storage potato tubers throughout the world was about 16 tonnes per hectare (t/ha). Average yields (t/ha) for different continents in 1996 were: Asia (14.5), Africa (11.3), North America (39.1), South America (12.6), Europe (16.2) and Oceania (28.8). In many tropical and subtropical regions potential yields are much higher than actual yields due to constraints (environmental, seasonal, propagation, crop protection, economic and social) that prevent the full expression of this potential, but individual farmers in Kenya have reported yields up to 35 t/ha.

Post harvest handling
Harvesting or any other handling to which potato tubers are subjected may cause damage ranging from external injury to internal bruising. After harvesting it is advantageous to allow the tubers to dry in heaps for about 1 to 2 weeks at 10 to 20°C (or in cold store) under high humidity before further handling. During this time the skin hardens, wounds heal, adhering soil dries and disease symptoms become more visible, which facilitates the removal of the infected tubers. Grading should not be started before the curing and hardening have taken place, otherwise further damage occurs. If the hardening has taken place in the soil before harvesting, grading for sale can be done immediately to avoid greening and sprouting.

Before the tubers go into storage, rotten and infected tubers, which may become sources of post-harvest disease infection, should be removed. Potato tubers are usually delivered into stores in bags, baskets or crates. To facilitate handling, containers should not be too large; if they are large they should not be filled completely. Storage of ware potatoes for the market is associated with undesirable quality changes (mainly sprouting, high sugar content, and weight loss due to evaporation and respiration). For short-term storage (1-2 weeks) in the tropics, ware potatoes may be stored at ambient temperatures in the dark, in well-ventilated buildings. Small-scale farmers can keep potatoes in on-farm storage using inexpensive, well-ventilated constructions.

Storing of seed potatoes
After cold storage, seed potatoes should be pre-sprouted in diffuse light to ensure optimal development of sprouts prior to planting. By storing seed tubers in diffused light at ambient temperatures, excessive sprouting is avoided and seed potatoes can be kept in good physiological condition for a long period of time. If potatoes are stored in bulk without cold storage in the tropics for more than a couple of weeks, they completely loose appeal and will start rotting.

Fresh Quality Specifications for the Market in Kenya
The following specifications constitute raw material purchasing requirements

© S. Kahumbu, Kenya

Information on Pests and Weeds
Information on Diseases
Information Source Links
  • Acland, J.D. (1980). East African Crops. FAO / Longman. ISBN: 0 582 60301 3
  • Agricultural Information Resource Centre (2011). Agricultural Information Directory 2011/2012. Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: 9966 764 08 9
  • Ali, M.A (1993). Effects of cultural practices on reducing field infestation of potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) and greening of tubers in Sudan. Journal of Agricultural Science, 121(2): 187-192; 19 ref.
  • Berg, G. (2006). Agriculture notes. Root-knot nematode on potatoes. AG0574. ISSN 1329-8062. State of Victoria, Department of Primary Industries.
  • Bohlen, E. (1973). Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. Federal Agency for Economic Cooperation (bfe). Verlag Paul Parey. ISBN: 3-489-64826-9.
  • CAB International (2005). Crop Protection Compendium, 2005 Edition. Wallingford, UK www.cabi.org
  • CIP Nairobi (2005). Estimates of Currently grown potato cultivars.
  • Centipedes and millipedes. Later's Pest Info Bulletin.
  • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (2002). Meloidogyne chitwoodi (the Columbia root-knot nematode) and Meloidogyne fallax www.defra.gov.uk
  • Godfrey,L. D., Davis, U.C., Haviland, D. R.(2003). UC Pest Management Guidelines. How to Manage Pests. Potato Aphids, green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)]. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Potato. UC ANR Publication 3463. Insects. UC Cooperative Extension, Kern Co. (Reviewed 6/03, updated 6/03). Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
  • International Year of the potato www.potato2008.org
  • Karren, J. B. Millipedes. Fact sheet No. 21. Revised April 2000. extension.usu.edu
  • Kfir, R. (2003). Biological control of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea opercullela in Africa. In: Neuenschwander, P. - Biological Control in IPM Systems in Africa.
  • Kroschel, J. (1995). Integrated pest management in potato production in the Republic of Yemen- with special reference to the integrated biological control of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller). Tropical Agriculture 8.GTZ. Margraf Verlag. ISBN: 3-8236-1242-5.
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Kenya) & Japan International Cooperation Agency (2000). Local and Export Vegetables Growing Manual. Reprinted by Agricultural Information Resource Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. 274 pp.
  • Nutrition Data www.nutritiondata.com.
  • Oisat. Organisation for Non-Chemical Pest Management in the Tropics. www.oisat.org
  • Ostermann, H. and Dreyer, M. (1995). Neem Products for Pest management. Vegetables and grain legumes. In: The Neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and other meliaceous plants sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, industry and other purposes. Edited by H. Schmutterer in collaboration with K. R. S. Ascher, M. B. Isman, M. Jacobson, C. M. Ketkar, W. Kraus, H. Rembolt, and R.C. Saxena. VCH. pp. 392-403. ISBN: 3-527-30054-6.
  • Potatoes. Kenya Overview research.cip.cgiar.org
  • Saxena, R. C. (1995). Neem Products for Pest management. Pest of stored products. In: The Neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and other meliaceous plants sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management
  • Zebitz, C. P. W. (1995). Neem Products for Pest management. Root and Tuber Crops. In "The Neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and other meliaceous plants sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, industry and other purposes". (1995). Edited by H. Schmutterer in collaboration with K. R. S. Ascher, M. B. Isman, M. Jacobson, C. M. Ketkar, W. Kraus, H. Rembolt, and R.C. Saxena. VCH. pp. 403-407. ISBN: 3-527-30054-6.
  • Zitter, T.A., Gallenberg, D.J. (2002). Virus and viroid diseases of potato. Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University. www.vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu
Contact Information
  • Corner Shop, Nairobi [email protected]
  • Food Network East Africa Ltd info@organic.co.ke Tel. +254 0721 100 001
  • Green Dreams admin@organic.co.ke Tel. +254 0721 100 001
  • Kalimoni Greens kalimonigreens@gmail,com Tel +254 0722 509 829
  • Karen Provision Stores [email protected] Tel. 020885552
  • Muthaiga Green Grocers, Nairobi
  • Nakumatt Supermarket [email protected] Tel. 020551809
  • Uchumi Supermarket
  • Zuchinni Green Grocers , Nairobi Tel. 0204448240
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