Intercropping and Push-Pull
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Intercropping and Push-Pull
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Intercropping is growing two or more crops at the same time in the same field. It is a practice often associated with sustainable and organic farming. It is commonly used in tropical parts of the world, particularly by small scale farmers in Africa, but it is far less widespread in the mechanised agriculture of Europe and North America.
In intercropping, there is often one main crop and one or more added crops, with the main crop being the one of primary importance because of economic or food production reasons. The two or more crops used in an intercrop may be from different species and/or different plant families.
The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilised by a single crop. Careful planning is required, taking into account the soil, climate, crops, and varieties. It is particularly important not to have crops competing with each other for physical space, nutrients, water, or sunlight. Examples of intercropping strategies are planting a deep-rooted crop with a shallow-rooted crop, or planting a tall crop with a shorter crop that requires partial shade.
When crops are carefully selected, other agronomic benefits are also achieved. Lodging-prone plants (those that are prone to tip over in wind or heavy rain) may be given structural support by their companion crop. Delicate or light sensitive plants may be given shade or protection, or otherwise wasted space can be utilised. An example is the tropical multi-tier system where coconut occupies the upper tier, banana the middle tier, and pineapple, ginger, leguminous fodder, medicinal or aromatic plants occupy the lowest tier.
Intercropping of compatible plants also encourages biodiversity, by providing a habitat for a variety of beneficial insects and soil organisms that would not be present in a single crop environment. This biodiversity can in turn help to limit outbreaks of crop pests by increasing the diversity or abundance of natural enemies, such as spiders or parasitic wasps. Increasing the complexity of the crop environment through intercropping also limits the places where pests can find optimal foraging or reproductive conditions.
There are some different variants of intercropping:
- Mixed intercropping
- Row intercropping
- Relay intercropping
It is the basic form in which the component crops are totally mixed in the field. An example commonly practised in the coastal areas of East Africa is mixed growing of perennials and annuals such as:
- cashews, coconuts and mangoes
- cassava and bananas
- maize, sorghum, millets and sesame
- vegetables and legumes such as cowpeas, pigeon peas and green grams
- cotton with legumes
It involves the component crops arranged in alternate rows. It is also called alley cropping. A variation of row cropping is strip cropping, where multiple rows or a strip of one crop is alternated with multiple rows of another crop.
A popular combination in the highlands of Kenya is a row intercrop of
- maize with dry beans
Other common combinations include:
- tomatoes with onions
- tomatoes with brassicas
- cabbage or kale with lettuce
- cabbage or kale with onions
It is planting a second crop into a standing crop at a time when the standing crop is at its reproductive stage but before harvesting. A popular relay intercrop in the coastal areas of Kenya is maize and sesame where the latter is sown before the maize harvest.
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| Push-pull plot during 2nd season, maize and desmodium with Striga border crop. The plot is bordered with Napier grass. |
| © icipe |
Desmodium is planted in between the rows of maize. It produces a smell or odour that stemborer moths do not like. The smell 'pushes' away the stemborer moths from the maize crop.
On the other hand, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is planted around the maize crop as a trap plant. Napier grass is more attractive to stemborer moths than maize and it 'pulls' the moths to lay their eggs on it. But Napier grass does not allow stemborer larvae to develop on it. When the eggs hatch and the small larvae bore into Napier grass stems, the plant produces a sticky substance like glue which traps them, and they die. So, very few stemborer larvae survive and the maize is saved because of the 'push-pull' strategy.
In addition, a ground cover of desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum, or silverleaf), interplanted among the maize, reduces Striga weed. Research has shown that chemicals produced by the roots of desmodium are responsible for suppressing the Striga weed. Therefore, Striga does not grow where desmodium is growing. Being a legume, desmodium also fixes nitrogen in the soil and thus acts to enrich the soil.
Desmodium is perennial and must only be planted once. As desmodium seeds may not always be available, desmodium can also be planted using vines. This can be an easy and cheap method to plant desmodium vines.
How to plant a push-pull field?
1. Plant Napier grass (Bana variety is the best) in a border around the maize plot. 2. Plant at least 3 rows of Napier all around the maize field. Apply 2 handfuls of well decomposed farmyard manure in each hole.
3. In the first year, plant Napier grass before the rains so that is has a start on the maize. The stemborer moths will like the larger Napier grass even more than the maize.
4. Get desmodium seeds from seed companies ('Western Seed & Grain Co. Ltd.' in Kitale, Western Kenya) or your neighbour who has started growing it. For 1 acre of land 1 kg of desmodium seed is needed.
5. Alternatively you may plant desmodium vines. In this case plant the vines when there is enough rainfall and soil is moist.
6. Prepare the soil carefully so that it is as fine and clean as possible.
7. Using a strong pointed stick, make a furrow in the middle of the rows where the maize will be planted.
8. Mix the silverleaf desmodium seed with fine sand or fine soil (about 1 handful of seed and 2 handfuls of sand).
9. Plant desmodium with the rains for maximum germination.
10. Plant your maize in the field surrounded by Napier grass.
11. After 3 and 6 weeks, trim the desmodium so that it does not overgrow in between the maize plants.
12. Keep the field weed free so that the Napier has a start on the maize. The moths will like the larger Napier more than the maize.
Benefits of adopting a push-pull strategy
When you adopt a push-pull strategy you will: - Increase maize yield by 25 - 30% in the areas where stemborers are the only problem. Where both stemborers and Striga are problems, you can double your maize yields.
- Increase the supply of cattle feed from harvesting Napier grass and desmodium.
- Fix nitrogen into your farm soil by desmodium legume, so you save on fertiliser costs.
- Protect your soil from erosion, as desmodium acts as a cover crop.
- Retain soil moisture, as desmodium acts as mulch.
- Earn money from the sale of desmodium seed at an attractive price of between Kshs 600 and 800 (US$ 8 to 10) per kg.
- Make more money from increased milk production and sales.
- Save on farm labour, as you do not have to manually remove Striga weed from the farm.
- Protect maize from strong winds, by surrounding it with Napier grass.
For more documents and detailled instructions on push-pull for download, please refer to publications
- Berold, R. and Caine, C. (Eds) (1998). People's Farming Workbook. David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd, South Africa. ISBN: 0 86486 431 0
- IIRR (1998). Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (ATIK) 3: Crops and Cropping systems. ISBN: 0-942717-31-7
- OISAT. Intercropping. www.oisat.org
- Preston, S. (2003). Intercropping Principles and Production Practices. NCAT, ATTRA Publication # P 135. attra.ncat.org
- Push-Pull Technology for the Control of Stemborers and Striga Weed: www.push-pull.net
- Wikipedia. Intercropping. en.wikipedia.org