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Bio-pesticide: Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Scientific name:
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt can be used against the following pests (clicking on underlined pests takes you to pests' page):
African armyworm, African bollworm, Bean armyworm. Beet armyworm, Cabbage webworm, Cabbage moth, Cabbage looper, Cotton leafworm, Diamondback moth, Giant looper, Green looper, Spiny bollworm, Spotted bollworm, Pod borers, Tomato looper
General information on Bt
Bt is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that causes disease on insect pests. It is accepted in organic farming and is considered ideal for pest management due to its low cost, ease of application, high virulence and narrow host specificity. Thus, Bt is regarded as environmentally friendly with no toxic effects on natural enemies and humans. The activity of Bt is due to toxins produced by this bacterium.

Bt is commercially available in most agricultural suppliers. It is sold in various formulations (spray, dust, and granule) and strains (Bt. tenebrionis, Bt. kurstaki, Bt. israelensis, Bt. aizawai, Bt. san diego). Bt. products in Kenya are sold under the following commercial names: Dipell®, Javelinl®, Thuricidel®, and Xentaril®. Note that not all Bt. can be used for control of caterpillars. Bt. israelensis is used for control of mosquitoes and Bt. tenebrionis for control of beetles.

How does it work?
Bt must be ingested by a susceptible host to be effective. When ingested, Bt produces proteins that react with the cells of the stomach lining. These (proteins) poison and paralyse the insect's digestive system causing the insect to stop feeding within hours. Bt-infested insects will live for several days but will cause no further damage to the plant. They will die eventually from starvation.

How to use Bt
1. Spray thoroughly, covering all the plant surfaces.
2. Apply when larvae are less than 5 mm long or when the eggs begin to hatch. Bt works best on young larvae.
3. In the hot tropics, it is more effective to spray Bt in the late afternoon as there are longer and cooler hours ahead. This enables Bt to remain longer on the leaves' surfaces. Bt survives better in cooler temperature. Whereas, spraying in the morning provides a shorter and hotter environment.
4. Do not mix the Bt concentrate with alkaline water (pH 8 or higher). Alkalinity reduces its effectiveness. To make the water acidic, add a few tablespoons of white vinegar in a gallon of water before adding Bt.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)Bt is a bacterium and is not visible to the naked eye.
© Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org): Daniel Anand Raj,
organic
Refers to the farming system and products described in the IFOAM standard and not to 'organic chemistry'.
Predator
Animal that attacks and feeds on other animals, such as an insect (e.g. ladybird beetle), bird or spider feeding on pest insects.