more Images
Bio-fumigation
Bio-fumigation can be used against the following pests (clicking on underlined pests takes you to pests' page):
Root-knot nematodes / Bacterial wilt.
General Information on Bio-fumigation
Bio-fumigation is based on incorporating soil amendment (fresh plant mass, manure) into the soil, which will release chemical substances, known as isothiocyanates (ITC's), able to suppress soil-borne pests and diseases, plus a soil heater to enhance biological activities. Plants from Cruciferae family (cabbage, radish, cauliflower etc.) release large amount of these toxic to soil-borne pests and diseases substances - in the soil and are considered the best material for bio-fumigation.

How to do it:
  • Incorporate the fresh mass into the soil. This can be done directly if the mass is coming from grown crop or plant mass taken from elsewhere and brought into the plot or field. If the mass is transported to the field, the soil should be well prepared before the incorporation. During transportation and storage of these organic materials in the field, care must be taken not to lose the gases produced from biodegradation, by covering the piles of the bio-fumigant with plastic until the time of application.
    A dose of 50 t / ha is recommended, although when problems with nematodes or fungi are very serious, 100 t / ha should be applied, a dose that can be reduced by choosing a cultivation techniques such as application in furrows.
    The bio-fumigant should be distributed uniformly, so that no concentration of pathogens will appear that could create problems for the crop. Once the biofumigant is distributed, it should be incorporated immediately into the soil.
  • Water the field, if possible by sprinkling, until the soil is saturated, although watering can be done by flooding, or drip irrigation can be installed.
  • Cover the soil surface tightly with a transparent plastic film for at least 2 weeks to retain the gases produced from the biodegradation of the organic matter. This could be the same plastic as the one used for soil solarisation.
  • The film is removed 3-4 weeks after and the soil slightly removed in order to permit the gases to escape from soil.
  • Planting of the interested crop can be done 24 hours later.


back to Index
Using Bio-fumigation against Nematodes
Different mustards (e.g. Brassica juncea var integrifolia or Brassica juncea var juncea) should be used as intercrop on infested fields. As soon as mustards are flowering they are mulched and incorporated into the soil. While incorporated plant parts are decomposing in a moist soil, nematicidal compounds of this decomposing process do kill nematodes. Two weeks after incorporating plant material into the soil a new crop can be planted or sown (it takes about 2 weeks for the plant material to decompose and stop releasing phytotoxic substances = chemicals poisonous to plants). (Eric Wyss, Personal communication)

Mexican marigold, also known as Tagetes, has been successfully used in the control of root-knot nematode in roses by a Kenyan Farmer (Report on ToT for Alternatives to the Use of Methyl Bromide for Soil Fumigation in Brazil and Kenya).

It is recommended to alternate the use of agricultural residues with green manure, especially from brassicae, using 5-8 kg square-metres of green matter, although combinations of legumes and grass can be applied. In the case of the use of green manure cultivated in the same field, fast growing plants should be used to be incorporated at least 30 days after having been planted, to avoid the increase of pathogen populations. Planting mustard after bio-fumigation can serve as bio-indicators of possible phytotoxicity, because the germination of their seeds is sensitive to phytotoxic substances. At the same time they are very sensitive to nematodes and permit the detection of areas in the crop where biofumigation is not effective. They act like trap plants, and like bio-fumigants when incorporated into the soil.

In Spain, successful application of bio-fumigation was achieved in strawberries, peppers, cucurbits, tomato, brassicae, cut flowers, citrus and banana. Bio-fumigation has also been recently applied to Swiss chard and carrot crops. The most utilized biofumigants have been goat, sheep and cow manure, and residues from rice, mushroom, brassicae and gardens.

The effectiveness of bio-fumigation in controlling nematodes, fungi, insects, bacteria, and weeds is nearly the same as with the use of conventional pesticides. Bio-fumigation may also regulate viral problems by controlling vector organisms.

(FAO, Global report on validated alternatives to the use of methyl bromide for soil fumigation)

back to Index
Biofumigation against Bacterial Wilt

From 1999 research on using bio-fumigation for control of bacterial wilt has been carried out in Australia and the Philippines by the Autralian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). The Centre with collaborators have been working to identify suitable brassicas for tropical environments and to evaluate them in the field, initially on experimental farms and more recently on commercial farms and smallholder farmers fields. There are many varieties and they differ enourmously in the level of disease-suppressing chemicals they produce.

In recent years Australian banana growers have started growing brassica green manures for nematode control, and in the US farmers are using mustard green manure crops to replace synthetic fumigation for potatoes with huge savings on costs.

Growing of radish, mustard and broccoli have reduced bacterial wilt significantly (50-60%) in most of the experiments, though researchers believe the treatment is more effective on sandy soil than on heavy clay soil.

How do we get the useful chemicals out of the plant tissue? The most effective according to researchers is to disrupt the plant cells, by freezing or complete maceration. This will give the best bio-fumigation effect, but equipment to do this is not always available. A field rotavator used for chopping the plant material and incorporating it into the soil is second best. The rotavation effect can be duplicated by hand chopping the plant material before digging it into the soil but this is very labour demanding.

The project also discovered that other large incorporations of green manure will suppress bacterial wilt. An example is mentioned of sweet potato leaves giving good control as well.
In Northern Australia, results in some field trials have been excellent. A plot with a high level infection of bacterial wilt was planted with tomatoes. An untreated block yielded less than 2 tons of tomatoes/ha, while the area where brassica green manure had been applied yielded up to 20 tons/ha of tomatoes and had correspondingly lower levels of bacterial wilt.
back to Index
Information Source Links
  • FAO: Global report on validated alternatives to the use of methyl bromide for soil fumigation. online-version click here
  • Taylor, Robin. Mustard Cuts the Bacterial Wilt. Article in 'Partners in Research for Development' summer 2005-06 ACIAR. www.aciar.gov.au
back to Index
Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta) has been successfully used in bio-fumigation against root-knot nematodes by a Kenyan farmer.
© Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org): R.P. Ellis
Cucurbits
Cucurbitaceae is a plant family commonly known as melons, gourds or cucurbits and includes crops like cucumbers, squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, melons and watermelons. The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds.
organic
Refers to the farming system and products described in the IFOAM standard and not to 'organic chemistry'.
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae, also known as the crucifers, the mustard family or cabbage family is a family of flowering plants. The name Brassicaceae is derived from the included genus Brassica. The family contains well-known species such as Brassica oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower...), Brassica rapa (turnip, Chinese cabbage...), Brassica napus (rapeseed...) and many more.
Fungi
Occurring worldwide, most fungi are largely invisible to the naked eye, living for the most part in soil, dead matter, and as symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi. They perform an essential role in all ecosystems in decomposing organic matter and are indispensable in nutrient cycling and exchange. Some fungi become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or molds.

Fungi are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases such as blight, grey mould, bunts, powdery mildew, and downy mildew. Crops of all kinds often suffer heavy losses.

Fungal plant diseases are usually managed with applications of chemical fungicides or heavy metals. In some cases, conventional breeding has provided fungus resistantcultivars.

Besides combatting yield losses, preventing fungal infection keeps crops free of toxic compounds produced by some pathogenic fungi. These compounds, often referred to as mycotoxins, can affect affect the immune system and disrupt hormone balances. Some mycotoxins are carcinogenic.
Conventional
Refers to any material, production or processing practices that is not certified organic or organic in-conversion.
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae, also known as the crucifers, the mustard family or cabbage family is a family of flowering plants. The name Brassicaceae is derived from the included genus Brassica. The family contains well-known species such as Brassica oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower...), Brassica rapa (turnip, Chinese cabbage...), Brassica napus (rapeseed...) and many more.
Synthetic
Manufactured by chemical and industrial processes. May include products not found in nature, or simulation of products from natural sources (but not extracted from natural raw materials).
Cruciferae
Cruciferae or Brassicaceae, also known as the crucifers, the mustard family or cabbage family is a family of flowering plants. The name Brassicaceae is derived from the included genus Brassica. The family contains well-known species such as Brassica oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower...), Brassica rapa (turnip, Chinese cabbage...), Brassica napus (rapeseed...) and many more.
Green manure
A crop grown before or between the main crop rows, cut before maturation and subsequently ploughed in or used as mulch. It provides nutrients to the main crop through decomposition and helps to build up humus in the soil.