60 chapter 7
BASIC QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT POLIO
How common is it? In many countries, polio—or ‘poliomyelitis’—
was for many years the most common cause of physical
disability in children. In some areas, one of every 100 persons
may have some paralysis from polio. Vaccination programs
have ended polio in many countries, but it is still a common
problem in India, Nepal, Nigeria and Afghanistan.
What causes it? A virus (infection). The infection attacks parts of
the spinal cord, where it damages only the nerves that control
movement. In areas with poor hygiene and lack of latrines, the
polio infection spreads when the stool (shit) of a sick child reaches
the mouth of a healthy child. Where sanitation is better, polio
spreads mostly through coughing and sneezing.
Do all children who become infected with the polio virus
become paralyzed? No, only a small percentage become
paralyzed, about 1 out of every
100 to 150 children who are
exposed to the virus. Most only
get what looks like a bad cold,
with fever, vomiting or diarrhea.
Paralysis in one leg
Is the paralysis contagious? No, not after 2 weeks from when a
child first gets sick with polio. In fact, most polio is spread through
the stool of non-paralyzed children who have ‘only a cold’ caused
by the polio virus.
Severe paralysis
At what age do children get polio? In areas with poor sanitation, polio most often attacks
babies from 8 to 24 months old, but occasionally children up to age 4 or 5. As sanitation
improves, polio tends to strike older children and even young adults.
Who does it most often affect? Boys, a little more than girls. Unvaccinated children much
more often than vaccinated children, especially those living in crowded, unsanitary
conditions.
How does the paralysis begin? It begins after signs of a cold and fever, sometimes with
diarrhea or vomiting. After a few days the neck becomes stiff and painful and parts of the
body become limp. Parents may notice the weakness right away, or only after the child
recovers from the acute illness.
Once a child is paralyzed, what changes or improvements can be expected? Often the
paralysis will gradually go away, partly or completely. Any paralysis left after 7 months is
usually permanent. The paralysis will not get worse. However, certain secondary problems
may develop—especially if precautions are not taken to prevent them.
What are the child’s chances of leading a happy, productive life? Usually very good—
provided the child is encouraged to do things for himself, to get the most out of school, and
to learn useful skills within his physical limitations (see p. 497).
Can persons with polio marry and have normal children? Yes. Polio is not inherited
(familial) and does not affect ability to have children.
Disabled village Children